姉妹校でのListening&Notetakingのクラス。宿題だった模擬レクチャー（教科書付属のテープ）についてディスカッション。宿題は“Just listen”だったので、私もJust listenしたんですけど、このレクチャーはボキャが難しくてチンプンカンプンでした。↑押すと文字が変わるエンピツ投票ボタンって、安心してどーする！？(-_-;ちなみに次回の授業では、English Literature of Shakespeareの講義を聴きに行ってノート取るそうです。頭痛がひどいよ。頭の数カ所に、何か刺さってるんじゃないかと思ってしまう。おまけに左耳の鼓膜もヘンで、常にポコポコいってる。頭の痛みは突然激痛が走るタイプのものだから、「うぎゃ〜っ！！」と叫びながらも深夜（早朝？）までかかって宿題やりました。ずーーーーっとのしかかっていたJapanese Cultureの課題が、〆切を過ぎたものの完了して、心ハレバレ。うれしいーなっ♪------[Japanese Culture] Read&Write summaryChap7. Meiji Restration>By the middle of the 19th cent., Europeans who the Tokugawa had driven away brought Western economic and military power. Western nations has repeatedly tried to persuade the Japanese to open their doors.>In 1853, Perry (the U.S.) came.>In 1858, Harris (the U.S.) managed to negotiate a full trade treaty.>The sudden opening of the country was disruptive to domestic markets and the money system, and the political repercussions were even worse.>Sonno-joi -- In the end of Tokugawa rule, young samurai heads who were in Satsuma and Choshu cried the emperor's honor and resisted against opening country, but they failed.>In 1868, the political rule was returned to the emperor from Tokugawa bakufu (Taisei Hokan).>The new govenment was controled over the Meiji emperor. He was moved in 1869 to the shogunal castle in Edo (renamed Tokyo).>The new government was modernized, largely on the model of the 19th cent. West. Banking system, monetary system (yen), lighthouse, port facilities improved, telegraph network, railroad, etc.>Students abroad to acquire new skills and hired Western experts.Chap.8 The Contitutional System>The new constitutional system was a popular assembly on the Western model. Issued in 1889.>Itagaki Taisuke (from Tosa) -- formed his samurai supporters into a political party. Drawing its ideas from liberal French thought, "freedom and people's rights movement" (Jiyu minken undo).>Okuma Shigenobu -- advocated immediate adoption of the British parliamentary system.>Gero -- A group controlled the new constitution. This select group was in effect a Satsuma and Choshu oligarchy.>Bicameral national assembly -- In 1890, consist of House of Peers (out of former court nobles, feudal lords, and the member of the new leadership group), and the House of Representatives (elected by male taxpayers). The Japanese Diet.>In 1894, the British agreed to relinquish their extraterritorial privileges by 1899, and the other nations followed suit.>In 1894-95, Japan won war against China over the control of Korea, and annexed Taiwan and Manchuria.>In 1904-05, Japan defeated Russia (Russo-Japanese War), so annexed the half of th Russian railways in Mancuria and the half of Sakhalin.>In 1889, industrialization began. The shift from a leadership determined by class to one determined by education and examinations was taking hold. The first national election was in 1890.>Ito Hirobumi -- The first prime minister, established Seiyukai. Assassinated by a Korean in 1909.>Taisho political change -- political incident between Katsura and Seiyukai.>Taisho democracy (the period 1913-1932) -- The Diet had increased steadily in power since 1890, until it had come to assume leadership in the civil government and had replaced "transcendental" cabinet.>In 1921, Hara Komei's government was responsive to an American invitation to a conference in Washington to limit naval expansion and stabilize the Far East.Chap.19 Religion>The secularism of Japanese society is the product of the influence of Confucian philosophy, "the teaching of the scholars" (Jukyo).>Confucianism -- stressed a rational natural order, of which man was a harmonious element, and social order based on strict ethical rules and centering on a unified state, governed by men of education and superior ethical wisdom. It spread widely among the people in the end of Tokugawa period. Almost no one considers himself a Confucianist today, but in a sense almost all Japanese are.>Buddhism -- comes closest to paralleling Christianity. It started with the basic Indian idea of a never-ending cycle of lives. In Japan, Buddhism developed three major emphases (Jodoshu, Jodoshinshu, Nichirenshu).>Shinto -- the earliest and most distinctive of the Japanese religions. Primitive Shinto centered on the animistic worship of natural phenomena. It tied the origins of the imperial line to the sun goddess (kami).>In Tokugawa period, Shinto was definitely subordinate to Buddhism. But the leaders of the Meiji Restoration cut Buddhism off from Shinto, and they attempted at first to create a Shinto-centered system of government.>Christianity -- one of the three main religions of Japan, but it is considered a foreign religion in a was Buddhism is not. In Edo era, Christianity was prohibited.>Kukai -- brought Buddhism back from China in the Heian era.>Xavier (Spanish) -- brought Christianity in 1549.■本日のHOMEWORKListening&Note-taking: Reserch agout Henrry 4th&5th（って誰？）
